AASRC will cease printing of its Journal and Conference Proceedings and will instead focus solely on its digital issues published online through the Open Journal System and available as PDF for print by Journal and Conference Authors.

The Nov 2011, Volume 3, Number 1 was the last printed edition. AASRC shall start offering more free content to entire potential organizational members.

AASRC Journals are open access which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of open access.

Our website shows the Creative Commons sign and it is up to the Author if he/she wants to have his/her articles freely available or held back from being published. But, we must publish the Abstract online.

International Certification Council

Natural Sciences Publishing Corporation

ISSN2162-321X (print)
ISSN2162-3228 (online)

American Academic & Scholarly Research Center (AASRC) is a nonprofit association devoted to the continuing advancements of global academic & scholarly research working with a clear mission of helping the economies of the world’s 50 (underdeveloped) countries by allowing professors and conferences from these countries to publish research articles in AASRC journal free of charge.

American Academic & Scholarly Research Center (AASRC) publishes the American Academic & Scholarly Research Journal (AASRJ), covering computer science, engineering, social science, natural science, health science, and humanities. AASRC follows a rigorous editorial process to ensure highest quality published articles. AASRJ is a bimonthly peer reviewed Journal with an open access theme for preview and download.

AASRC is following the Open Journal System (OJS) model which supports open access scholarly publishing allowing professors from developing countries to capture, share and contribute to the world’s global scholarly knowledge bases.

AASRJ is issued bimonthly on (January, March, May, July, September and November).

Call for Papers – Next issue: May 30, 2012

AASRC organize annual academic conferences, workshops and meetings worldwide. Our upcoming AASRC International Conference is being organized and a call for papers shall become available soon. Check our conference website!

Andorra
University of Andorra

Argentina
Catholic University of Argentina
Health Sciences University Institute/H.A. Barcelo Foundation
National University of La Rioja
University of Salvador
Armenia
Yerevan State Medical University
Yerevan State University
Australia
Deakin University
Griffith University
James Cook University
Monash University
Queensland University of Technology
Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT University)
University of Ballarat
University of Queensland
University of South Australia
University of Southern Queensland
University of Tasmania
University of the Sunshine Coast
University of Western Sydney
University of Wollongong
Austria
Karl-Franzens University of Graz
University of Music & Performing Arts Graz
University of Salzburg
University of Vienna
Vienna University of Economics & Business Administration

Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan State Economic University
Bahamas
The College of the Bahamas

Bahrain
Arabian Gulf University
Gulf University
University of Bahrain

Bangladesh
Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology
American International University-Bangladesh
The Independent University of Bangladesh
Islamic University of Technology

Belarus
Belarussian National Technical University (BNTU)

Belgium
Ghent University
Facultés universitaires Saint-Louis
Université Catholique de Louvain
Université de Mons
Université libre de Bruxelles
University College Ghent

Benin
Universities of Science & Technologies of Benin

Bhutan
Royal University of Bhutan

Botswana
University of Botswana

Brazil
State University of Campinas
State University of Maringa
Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso
University of José de Rosário Vellano
University of Sao Paulo

Bulgaria
Trakia University
St. Cyril and St. Methodius University of Véliko Turnovo

Burkina Faso
Université de Ouagadougou
Université polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso
Cameroon
Université de Douala

Canada
Concordia University
Ecole de technologie supérieure
Ecole nationale d’administration publique
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
Kwantlen Polytechnic University
Memorial University of Newfoundland
Ryerson University
Université d’Ottawa
University of Manitoba
Université de Montréal
Université du Québec
Université du Québec à Montréal
The University of Saskatchewan
The University of Sherbrooke
Saint Mary’s University
York University

Cape Verde
Jean Piaget University of Cape Verde

Chad
Université de N’djaména

China
China University of Petroleum, Beijing
Henan University
Nankai University
Sias International University
Zhejiang University

Colombia
EAFIT University
University of Boyaca

Congo (Democratic Republic)
Université Technologique “Bel Campus”

Costa Rica
Autonomous University of Central America
University of Costa Rica

Côte d’Ivoire
Université d’Abobo-Adjamé

Croatia
University of Split
University of Zagreb

Cyprus
University of Cyprus

Czech Republic
Charles University in Prague
Czech Technical University in Prague
Masaryk University, Brno
Technical University of Ostrava

Denmark
Aalborg University
Copenhagen Business School
University of Aarhus
University of Copenhagen
University of Southern Denmark

Dominican Republic
Autonomous University of Santo Domingo
Catholic University of Nordestana
Pontifical Catholic University “Madre & Maestra”

Ecuador
Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral
Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja

Egypt
Ain-Shams University
Alexandria University
American University in Cairo
Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport (AASTMT)
High Institute for Architecture in 6th of October City
Minufiya University
Misr University for Science and Technology

Estonia
University Nord (Akadeemia Nord) in Estonia

Fiji
University of the South Pacific

Finland
Hanken School of Economics
Turku School of Economics & Business Administration
University of Helsinki
University of Jyväskylä
University of Lapland
University of Oulu
University of Tampere
University of Turku
University of Vaasa

France
Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Arts et Métiers (ENSAM)
Université Claude-Bernard (Lyon I)
Université de Nantes
Université de Paris-Val-de-Marne (Paris XII)
Université de Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines

Georgia
Caucasus University (Kavkasiis Universiteti)
Ilia Chavchavadze State University
Tbilisis Davit Agmašeneblis Sakhelobis Universiteti

Germany
Aachen University
Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau
Bavarian Julius-Maximilian University Würzburg
Eichstätt Catholic University
Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf
Humboldt University Berlin
Leuphana University Luneburg
Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich
University of Heidelberg
University of Augsburg
University of Kassel
University of Constance
University of Leipzig
University of Stuttgart
University of Wuppertal

Ghana
‘Kwame Nkrumah’ University of Science and Technology
University of Cape Coast
University of Ghana
University of Mines and Technology (UMaT)

Greece
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
National & Kapodistrian University of Athens
University of Patras
University of Piraeus

Guatemala
University of  San Carlos of Guatemala

Haiti
Université Quisqueya

Honduras
National Autonomous University of Honduras

Hong Kong, China
Chinese University of Hong Kong
City University of Hong-Kong
Hong Kong Baptist University
The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology
The University of Hong Kong

Hungary
Corvinus University of Budapest
Central European University
International Business School (IBS)
Semmelweis University

Iceland
University of Akureyri

India
Allahabad Agricultural Institute-Deemed University
Amrita University
Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University
Banaras Hindu University
Birla Institute of Technology & Science
Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies
Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University
Indian Institute of Information Technology
Indian Veterinary Research Institute
Jawaharlal Nehru University
Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology
Panjab University
University of Delhi
University of Jammu
University of Petroleum and Energy Studies
Vellore Institute of Technology

Indonesia
Gadjah Mada University
Syiah Kuala University

Iraq

Al-Mansour University College
Hawler Medical University
Koya University
University of Duhok
University of Salahaddin, Arbil
University of Sulaimani
Ireland
Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT)
National University of Ireland
National University of Ireland, Galway
NUID, University College, Dublin

Israel
Ariel University Center of Samaria
Ben Gurion University of the Negev
Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
The Jerusalem Academy of Music and Drama

Italy
Catholic University of the Sacred Heart
Libera Universita Mediterranea Jean Monnet
University of Bologna
University of Camerino
University of Genoa
University of Insubria
The University of Languages and Communication (IULM)
Université de Molise
University of Parma
University of Pavia
University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’
University of Sassari
University of Teramo
University of Turin
University of Udine

Jamaica
University of the West Indies

Japan
Aichi Gakuin University
Chiba University
Chubu University
Chuo University
Gakushuin University
Hokkaido University
Hokkai-Gakuen University
International Christian University
J.F. Oberlin University
Japan Women’s University
Jikei University School of Medicine
Kanazawa Institute of Technology
Kanazawa University
Keio University
Kobe University
Kumamoto University
Kwansei Gakuin University
Kyoto University
Kyoto University of Foreign Studies
Kyushu University
Nanzan University
Nara Women’s University
Nihon University
Notre Dame Seishin University
Oita University
Osaka University
Osaka University of Commerce
Rikkyo (St. Paul’s) University
Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University
Tokyo University of Science
Senshu University
Shigakkan University
Shinshu University
Sophia University Tokyo
Tamagawa University
Tohoku Gakuin University
Tokyo Institute of Technology
University of the Sacred Heart
University of Tokyo
University of Tsukuba
Waseda University

Kazakhstan
Almaty Technological University
‘Al-Farabi’ Kazakh National University
Karaganda Economical University of Kazpotrebsoyuz
Kazak Abylai Khan University of International Relations and World Languages
Kazakh National Pedagogical University of Abaya
Kazakh National Technical University named after K.I. Satpaev
L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University
South Kazakhstan State Medical Academy

Kenya
Catholic University of Eastern Africa
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology
Kenyatta University
Moi University
Strathmore University
University of Nairobi

Korea Rep. of
Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
Handong Global University

Kuwait
Kuwait University

Latvia
Latvia University of Agriculture
University of Latvia

Lebanon
Al Imam Al Ouzai University
American University of Science and Technology
Beirut Arab University
Global University
Islamic University of Lebanon
Notre Dame University – Louaize
Modern University for Business and Science
Université Antonine
Université Libanaise
Université Saint-Esprit
Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth
University of Balamand (UOB)

Lesotho
National University of Lesotho

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
7th October University
Academy of Graduate Studies

Lithuania
Mykolas Romeris University
Vilnius University

Luxembourg
Université du Luxembourg

Macao, China
Macao University of Science and Technology
University of Macau

Macedonia (FYROM)
Sts. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje
South East European University

Malawi
University of Malawi

Malaysia
International Islamic University Malaysia
National University of Malaysia
Sultan Idris University of Education
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
University of Malaya
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Universiti Putra Malaysia

Malta
University of Malta

Mauritius
University of Mauritius

Mauritania
Université de Nouakchott

Mexico
Hebraic University
La Salle University
Metropolitana Autonomous University
Monterrey Institute of Technology University System
National Autonomous University of México
Technical Institute of Sonora
Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León
University Fray Luca Piaccioli
University Iberoamericana
University of Colima in Mexico
University of Guadalajara
University of Guanajuato
University of the Americas-Puebla
University of the Valle of Atemajac
University of Veracruz

Moldova
Cooperative – Commercial University of Moldova
Free International University of Moldova
Université d’Etat de Moldavie

Mongolia
Mongolian University of Science and Technology
National University of Mongolia

Morocco
Université Hassan II – Casablanca
Université Mohammed I
Université Mohammed V – Agdal

Mozambique
Eduardo Mondlane University

Nepal
Tribhuvan University

Netherlands
Free University Amsterdam
Leiden University
Tilburg University
Radbound University Nijmegen
University of Twente
Utrecht University

New Zealand
Southern Institute of Technology
UNITEC Institute of Technology
University of Otago

Nicaragua
Central American University, Managua

Nigeria
Gombe State University
Ladoke Akintola University of Technology
Nnamdi Azikiwe University
University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
University of Ilorin
University of Jos
University of Lagos
University of Port Harcourt

Norway
Norwegian School of Economics & Business Administration
Norwegian University of Life Sciences
University of Bergen
University of Oslo

Oman
Sultan Qaboos University

Pakistan
Institute of Business Administration
Institute of Business Management
Fatima Jinnah Women University
Hamdard University
National University of Science & Technology
Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science & Technology
Sir Syed University of Engineering & Technology
University of Balochistan
University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences
Ziauddin University

Palestine
Al-Azhar University
Al-Quds Jerusalem Open University
Al-Quds University
An-Najah National University
Bethlehem University
Birzeit University
Islamic University of Gaza
Palestine Polytechnic University

Papua New Guinea
Pacific Adventist University

Peru
Catholic University of Santa Maria
Pontifical Catholic University of Peru
Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos de Lima

Philippines
Adamson University
Adventist International Institute of Advanced Studies
Centro Escolar University
Foundation University
Philippine Christian University
National University
University of Manila
University of Santo Tomas
University of the City of Manila
University of the East

Poland
Akademia Polonijna w Czestochowie
Eugeniusz Piasecki University School of Physical Education
Higher School of Trade University
Poznan University of Technology
AGH Academy of Mining and Technology
Warsaw University of Life Sciences

Portugal
Fernando Pessoa University
Lusiada University
Universidade do Minho
University of Coimbra
University of Porto

Qatar
University of Qatar

Romania
Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad
“Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Iasi
Babes Bolyai University
Constantin Brancoveanu University of Pitesti
Constantza Maritime University
National University of Physical Education and Sports of Bucharest
Petre Andrei University of Iasi
“Petru Maior” University of Targu Mures
Spiru Haret University
Titu Maiorescu University of Bucharest
University of Architecture and Urbanism “Ion Mincu”
University Nicolae Titulescu in Bucharest
University of Medicine & Pharmacy “Targu-Mures”
University “Stefan Cel Mare” of Suceava
“Victor Babes” University of Medicine & Pharmacy Timisoara

Russian Federation
Academy of National Economy under the RF
Academy of Social Education
Belgorod University of Consumer Cooperatives
Bratsk State University
Chelyabinsk State University
I.M.Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy
Moscow City Pedagogical University
Moscow University of Humanities
Moscow University of Industry and Finance
Moscow Power Engineering Institute, Technical University
Moscow State Linguistic University
Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry
P.G. Demidov Yaroslavl State University
People’s Friendship University Moscow
Pyatigorsk State Linguistic University
Rostov State University of Civil Engineering
Samara State University of Economics
St. Petersburg State University
State University of Management, Moscow
Tomsk Polytechnic University
Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical University
Ufa State Petroleum Technical University
Voronezh Institute of High Technology

Rwanda
Université nationale du Rwanda

Senegal
Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar
Université Gaston Berger de St. Louis

Saudi Arabia
Dar Al-Hekma College
Jazan University
King Abdulaziz University
King Khalid University
King Saud University
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals

Serbia
European University
University of Belgrade

Singapore
SIM University

Slovak Republic
University of Economics in Bratislava

Slovenia
University of Ljubljana

South Africa
Durban University of Technology
Rhodes University
University of KwaZulu-Natal
University of Limpopo
University of Witwatersrand

Spain
Autonomous University of Barcelona
Complutense University of Madrid
National University of Distance Education
Open University of Catalonia
Politechnic University of Madrid
Pontifical University of Comillas
Technical University of Catalonia
Université de Salamanca
University Rovira i Virgili
University of Cantabria
University of Barcelona
University of Castilla-La Mancha
University of Deusto
University of Granada
University of Navarra
University of Oviedo
University of Pompeu Fabra

Sri Lanka
Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka
University of Colombo
University of Kelaniya

Sudan
Alzaiem Al Azhari University
Bakht Er-Ruda University
International University of Africa
Nile Valley University
Red Sea University
Sudan University of Science and Technology
University of Gezira
University of Juba
University of Nyala
University of Science and Technology, Omdurman
Wadmedani Ahlia College

Swaziland
University of Swaziland

Sweden
Stockholm University
Linnaeus University
Uppsala University
World Maritime University

Switzerland
Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich
University of Bern
Université de Fribourg
Université de Genève
Université de Lausanne
Université de Neuchâtel
University of Zürich

Syria
Al-Baath University
University of Aleppo
University of Damascus

Tanzania
The Hubert Kairuki Memorial University (HKMU)
Open University of Tanzania
University of Dar es Salaam

Taiwan, China
Tamkang University

Thailand
Chulalongkorn University
Siam University
Suranaree University of Technology

Togo
Université de Lomé

Tunisia
Université de Sfax
Université Libre de Tunis

Turkey
Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi
Akdeniz University
Ankara University
Atatürk University
Baskent University
Bogaziçi University
Canakkale 18th March University
Cyprus International University
Eastern Mediterranean University
European University of Lefke
Girne American University
Hacettepe Üniversity
Istanbul Bilgi Universitesi
Istanbul Technical University
Near East University
Ondokuz Mayis University
Pamukkale University
Sakarya University
Suleyman Demirel University
Trakya University
Uludag Üniversity
University of Kirikkale

Uganda
Makerere University

Ukraine
Academician Y Bugay International Scientific and Technical University
Classic Private University
Dnipropetrovsk University of Economics and Law
East Ukrainian National University named after V. Dahl
International Scientific & Technical University
Kamianets Podilski National University
Kharkiv National Medical University
Kharkiv National Municipal Academy
Mykhaylo Ostrogradskiy State University
Kyiv National Linguistic University
National Aerospace University “Kharkiv Aviation Institute”
National Aviation University (NAU)
National University of Food and Technologies
Pryazovskyi State Technical University (PSTU)
South Ukrainian State Pedagogical University named after K.D. Ushynsky
Sumy State University
University of banking of the National Bank of Ukraine
Vinnytsia National Technical University
V. Karazin Kharkiv National University

United Arab Emirates
Al Ghurair University
United Arab Emirates University

United Kingdom
University Aberdeen
University of Cambridge
University of Liverpool
London Metropolitan University
The Open University
University of Westminster

United States of America

Click here for a full list of USA Research Institutions

Uruguay
Catholic University of Uruguay ‘Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga’
ORT University of Uruguay
Universidad de Montevideo

Venezuela
Central University of Venezuela

Yemen
Thamar University
University of Science and Technology in Yemen